Brenda gantt beef stew. 1 1/2 cups tomato sauce. 2 tablespoons lemon juice. INSTRUCTIONS: In a...

Chole (or chana) masala is a spicy, fragrant vegetarian dish popul

Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Cook the beef stew for approximately 6 hours, allowing the flavors to meld together and the meat to become tender. Once the cooking time is complete, carefully remove the lid and give the stew a gentle stir. Serve the beef stew hot, ensuring each serving has a generous amount of vegetables and tender beef.Jun 27, 2023 · With each spoonful, you’ll experience the rich flavors of curry powder, fresh ginger, and garlic. The combination of beef broth and diced tomatoes creates a savory base, complementing the robust flavors of the meat. Whether you’re seeking a comforting meal for a chilly evening or want to impress guests with a flavorful stew, Spicy Beef Stew ...Cooking with Brenda Gantt - Beef Stew — I make a Big Pot !!_PART_19. My Grandma's Recipes · Original audioInstructions. In a large stew pot, heat the olive oil over medium heat for 1 to 2 minutes. Add beef and cook for 12 to 15 minutes, stirring periodically, until the beef is brown on all sides. Add water, garlic powder, salt, and black pepper. Bring to a boil, then turn the heat down to a low.This smoky beef roast recipe gets its unique flavor from two secret ingredients: liquid smoke and coffee. The beef round roast is combined with sliced mushrooms, onions, garlic, coffee, liquid smoke, chili powder, and black pepper. The result is a flavorful and tender roast with a hint of smokiness and richness from the coffee.Apr 30, 2023 · Position a rack in the lower third of the oven. Heat the oven to 325°F. Heat the oil and bacon together in a 7- or 8-quart Dutch oven over medium heat, stirring occasionally, just until the bacon is browned but not crisp, 5 to 6 minutes. With a slotted spoon, transfer the bacon to a small plate.Cooking with Brenda Gantt, Andalusia, Alabama. 2,624,202 likes · 285,541 talking about this. "It's gonna be good y'all!"Cooking with Brenda Gantt - Beef Stew — I make a Big Pot !!_PART_03. My Grandma's Recipes · Original audioPlace the cubed beef in the slow cooker. Sprinkle the low-sodium onion soup mix over the beef. Add the low-sodium beef broth and sliced carrots to the slow cooker. Stir in the diced potatoes. Cover the slow cooker and cook on low heat for 6 to 8 hours, allowing the flavors to develop and the beef to become tender.INSTRUCTIONS: Melt the butter in a heavy stockpot over medium heat. When it foams, stir in the leek and fry until softened, about 3 minutes. Stir in the potato, oyster liquor, milk, and bay leaf. Bring to a simmer, cover, and cook for about 30 minutes, or until the potatoes are tender. Stir in the oysters and cayenne pepper.1 cup beef or chicken stock. 1/2 cup sour cream. Chopped fresh dill or parsley leaves for garnish. INSTRUCTIONS: Put the butter in a large, deep skillet with a lid or a Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Once the butter has melted, add the sliced onions and, if using, the mushrooms. Sprinkle with salt and pepper.2 teaspoons Worcestershire sauce. 1 dash hot pepper sauce. PREPARATIONS. Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C, or gas mark 6). Place the pork back ribs in a shallow baking pan and brown them in the oven for 15 minutes. Flip the ribs over and brown them for an additional 15 minutes. Drain any excess fat.1 1/2 lb. lean beef stew meat 1 1/2 lb. new potatoes, about 12, halved, or use larger potatoes and cut in quarters 1 medium onion, cut into 8 wedges, or a dozen small white onions, peeledJun 15, 2023 · 2 cups beef stock; 2 pounds ground beef . INSTRUCTIONS: Put ingredients in the slow cooker and mix. Cover, and cook on low for 7 to 9 hours. Cabbage and mushrooms beef stew can be served as a standalone meal, accompanied by crusty bread or a side of mashed potatoes for a complete and satisfying experience.Yukgaejang, the spicy beef stew, is a vibrant and robust Korean dish that ignites a fiery warmth from within with each spoonful. Brimming with tender beef, an array of vegetables, and an array of bold spices, this stew is the epitome of comfort and indulgence.In a large, heavy-bottomed pot or Dutch oven, heat the olive oil over medium-high heat. Add the chopped onion and minced garlic to the pot. Sauté until the onion becomes translucent and the garlic is fragrant. Add the chicken pieces to the pot and brown them on all sides. This step adds depth of flavor to the stew.Jul 11, 2023 · In a frying pan, heat the sunflower oil over medium heat. Add the cubed stewing beef and chopped onion. Cook until the beef is browned and the onion is softened. Add the beer, water, tomato purée, paprika, salt, and caraway seeds to the pan. Stir well to combine all the ingredients.May 18, 2023 · Heat 1 tablespoon oil in now-empty pot over medium-high heat until just smoking. Brown half of beef on all sides, 7 to 10 minutes; transfer to plate. Repeat with remaining 1 tablespoon oil and remaining beef. Add onions and ¼ teaspoon salt to fat left in pot and cook over medium heat until softened, about 5 minutes.Place the chopped vegetables in a pot and cover with cold water. Allow the vegetables to boil for 2 to 3 hours, until they are tender. Rub the boiled vegetables through a sieve to create a smooth mixture. Add butter and milk to the sieved mixture. If the soup is too thick, adjust the consistency by adding more milk.1 can (about 10 1/2 ounces) condensed tomato soup. PREPARATION: Crock Pot: Brown stew beef in bacon drippings or other fat. Add chopped onions and sliced celery and cook until tender. Transfer meat and onion mixture, remaining vegetables and seasonings, soup, and a soup can of water to the crock. Cook on LOW 8 to 10 hours - HIGH 5 to 6 hours.1 ½ pounds beef back ribs; 1 cup barbecue sauce; 1 tablespoon mustard; 1 tablespoon hot paprika; 2 tablespoons scallions, chopped; 2 tablespoons garlic, chopped . Preparations: None required. Instructions: In a ceramic or glass bowl, combine the beef back ribs, barbecue sauce, mustard, hot paprika, chopped scallions, and chopped garlic.Feb 8, 2022 · Cooking with Brenda Gantt, Andalusia, Alabama."It's gonna be good y'all!"My first cookbook, “It’s Gonna Be Good Y’all,” is set for a November release. To pre...Cooking with Brenda Gantt, Andalusia, Alabama."It's gonna be good y'all!"My first cookbook, “It’s Gonna Be Good Y’all,” is set for a November release. To pre...Prepare to dive into the vibrant world of healthy eating with Super Greens Stew, a wholesome and hearty dish that celebrates the goodness of kale, Swiss chard, and chickpeas. This recipe showcases the robust flavors of nutrient-rich greens, combined with the earthy richness of chickpeas and aromatic seasonings.Stir in the chopped dried beef and hard-cooked eggs. Heat the mixture through. Serve the creamed beef over toasted white bread. YIELD: Makes 4 servings . PREP/COOK TIME: 25 minutes total . SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: Be careful with the salt since the dried beef can be salty. Taste the sauce before seasoning with additional salt, if desired.Cook the beef stew for approximately 6 hours, allowing the flavors to meld together and the meat to become tender. Once the cooking time is complete, carefully remove the lid and give the stew a gentle stir. Serve the beef stew hot, ensuring each serving has a generous amount of vegetables and tender beef.1 cup beef suet, grated or finely chopped; Cold water, as needed . For the Beef Steak Filling: 1.5 pounds stewing beef (such as chuck or round), cut into bite-sized cubes; 1 large onion, chopped; 2 carrots, sliced; 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour; Salt and pepper, to taste; Beef stock, enough to cover the meat and vegetables; Worcestershire ...In a sauté pan over medium heat, add the olive oil. Once the oil is heated, add the diced onion and minced garlic. Sauté them for approximately 3 minutes, or until the onion becomes soft and translucent, and the garlic releases its enticing aroma. In a 4-quart slow cooker, combine all the ingredients listed above.Drain any excess fat. In a slow cooker, combine the browned ground beef, chopped green bell pepper, chopped red bell pepper, chopped onion, brown rice, low-sodium beef broth, and reduced-sodium soy sauce. Mix all the ingredients well to ensure even distribution. Cover the slow cooker and cook on low heat for 5 to 6 hours or on high heat for 3 ...When it comes to comfort food, few dishes can rival the heartiness and satisfaction of a well-made beef stew. With tender chunks of beef, flavorful vegetables, and a rich broth, th...Allow the beef to simmer in the water for approximately 4 hours, or until it becomes tender and easily pulls apart. Once the beef is tender, add the roasted, peeled, seeded, and chopped green chillies to the pan. Stir in the garlic powder and season the stew with salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste.Add the canned chopped tomatoes, tomato sauce, dried basil, dried oregano, and crumbled chicken stock cubes to the pot. Pour in 1.8 liters (3 pints) of water and bring the mixture to a boil. Once the soup reaches a boil, reduce the heat to low and let it simmer for approximately 15 minutes.Place the chopped vegetables in a pot and cover with cold water. Allow the vegetables to boil for 2 to 3 hours, until they are tender. Rub the boiled vegetables through a sieve to create a smooth mixture. Add butter and milk to the sieved mixture. If the soup is too thick, adjust the consistency by adding more milk.Preparing the Roast Beef: Preheat the Oven: Preheat your oven to 325°F (160°C). Ensure that your oven rack is positioned in the center. Season the Beef: In a small bowl, combine the minced garlic, salt, black pepper, and chopped fresh rosemary and thyme. Mix these seasonings with the olive oil to create a paste.PREPARATIONS: In a greased 1½-qt. baking dish, create layers by starting with half of the sauerkraut, followed by half of the corned beef and shredded Swiss cheese. Repeat the layers with the remaining sauerkraut, corned beef, and cheese. Then, drop teaspoonfuls of Thousand Island salad dressing over the cheese layer.Stir well. Bring the mixture to a boil and then simmer, uncovered, over very low heat for 3 hours, seasoning with salt and pepper halfway through. Transfer the contents of the saucepan into a deep rectangular ovenproof dish. Cover the mixture with the mashed potatoes. Brown the shepherd's pie in the preheated oven for 20 minutes.Jan 17, 2564 BE ... Ribeye steak sautéed onions and potatoes. 2 days ago · 830K views. 32:39. Dumplings. Apr 26, 2024 · 721K views. 24:21 ...How to Cook Beef Stew By Brenda Gantt 2022|Homemade Cooking With Brenda Gantt| Beef Stew Recipe. Cooking with Brenda Gantt, Andalusia, Alabama. "It's gonna be good y'all!" My first cookbook, "It's Gonna Be Good Y'all," is set for a November release. To preorder, call 1-833-839-6871or to go to brendaganttbook.com. . At its most ...Mar 25, 2023 · PREPARATION: Place potatoes, mushrooms, carrots, garlic, salt, pepper, thyme and onion in the slow cooker then add the red wine. Toss with gravy mix. Brown the stew meat and soup bone. Transfer the meat to the Crock Pot and combine with the other ingredients. Cover and cook on low for 8 to 10 hours.Jun 15, 2023 · Beef, leeks, and mushrooms stew is a hearty and flavorful dish that brings together tender beef, aromatic leeks, and earthy mushrooms in a rich and savory broth. This stew is a wonderful choice for those seeking a comforting and satisfying meal that showcases the delicious combination of meat and vegetables.Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Coat the inside of a 13-by-9-inch pan with nonstick cooking spray. In a large mixing bowl, combine the chicken, 1 cup of Monterey Jack cheese, 1 cup of Cheddar cheese, and sour cream, stirring to combine. Heat the sauce in a skillet. Spread out about 1/2 cup in the prepared baking dish to cover the bottom.In a large pot, place the veal or beef osso bucco, shallots, garlic, bay leaves, rosemary, pimento, cloves, and ground nutmeg. Pour the olive oil or avocado oil over the ingredients in the pot. Add the salt and the tomato paste mixture from step 1 into the pot.Preheat Air Fryer: Set the temperature of the air fryer to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C). Grease the air fryer basket to prevent sticking. Coat and Season the Steak: Coat the rib eye steak with olive oil, ensuring an even coverage. Generously rub the steak with the steak rub, coating all sides evenly. Air Frying:Cooking with Brenda Gantt, Andalusia, Alabama. "It's gonna be good y'all!" My first cookbook, “It’s Gonna Be Good Y’all,” is set for a November release. To preorder, call 1-833-839-6871or ...Beef Stew | By Cooking with Brenda Gantt | Hey, Facebook friends. It's ... ... Beef Stew32 ounces (905 g) no-salt-added stewed tomatoes. ½ cup (80 g) chopped onion. 1 potato, diced. 2 cups (475 ml) low-sodium beef broth. PREPARATION: In a slow cooker, combine all the ingredients. Cover the slow cooker and cook on low heat for 8 to 10 hours, until the beef is tender and the vegetables are soft. YIELD:Cooking with Brenda Gantt - Beef Stew — I make a Big Pot !!_PART_14. My Grandma's Recipes · Original audioPlace the marinated beef mixture in the air fryer's pan or basket, spreading it out evenly. Cook the beef stew at 380 degrees F for approximately 30 minutes. This cooking time ensures that the beef becomes tender and infused with the aromatic spices. Once cooked, carefully remove the beef stew from the air fryer.1 teaspoon dried thyme. 3 carrots, peeled and sliced ¼ inch thick. 8 ounces turnips, peeled and cut into 1-inch pieces. ¼ cup minced fresh parsley. INSTRUCTIONS: SEASON AND BROWN LAMB: Adjust oven rack to lower-middle position and heat oven to 300 degrees. Pat lamb dry with paper towels and season with salt and pepper.Season the stew with salt and pepper at the end for optimal flavor. TIPS: Customize the stew by adding spices such as cumin, coriander, or cinnamon to enhance the flavors to your liking. Serve the Armenian stew as a standalone dish or accompany it with crusty bread or steamed rice for a complete meal.Mar 9, 2566 BE ... Comments110 · Sunday Dinner Meat Loaf Deviled eggs | Cooking With Brenda Gantt 2023 · https://cookingwithbrendagantt.net Search On Google | .....Parboil the shredded cabbage with a small piece of red pepper added to the boiling water. Drain the water and transfer the parboiled cabbage to a saucepan. Add vinegar, butter, and a ladleful of stock to the cabbage. Cover the saucepan and simmer the cabbage gently for about 30 minutes. Season with additional red pepper and salt if desired.To prepare this stew, simply layer the cubed lamb, sliced potatoes, and onions in a casserole dish, seasoning each layer well with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Finish with a layer of potatoes and add water to fill the dish about two-thirds full.Cooking with Brenda Gantt - Beef Stew — I make a Big Pot !!_PART_14. My Grandma's Recipes · Original audio1 teaspoon red pepper flakes, crushed. Sea salt and ground black pepper, to taste. Preparations: Select the "Roast" function and adjust the temperature to 360 degrees F. Set the oven to "Rotate" and set the time to 45 minutes. Instructions: Begin your culinary adventure by patting the beef eye round roast dry with paper towels.Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Grease the gridiron well with pork or beef-suet and preheat it until quite hot. Grilling the Steak: Place the steak on the hot gridiron over a clear fire and cover it with a baking pan. Turn the steak frequently to achieve even browning without sticking the fork into the middle to retain the juices. Seasoning and Buttering:Aug 15, 2023 · 1 cup barbecue sauce. 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce. Preparations: Toss the beef and Brussels sprouts with the flavorful mixture. Instructions: Set the stage by selecting the “Air Fry” function and adjusting the temperature to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Press the “Start” key to initiate the preheating process.Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Beef Stew - I realize the weather is hot !! But sometimes I get a craving !! I texted my Andalusia and said, “ I’m cooking a one pot meal for Sunday dinner for all of us. So vote and …Cooking with Brenda Gantt, Andalusia, Alabama. 2,624,202 likes · 285,541 talking about this. "It's gonna be good y'all!"Beef Types and Grades - There are a myriad of beef types and beef grades for every beer lover out there. Learn about the different beef types and beef grades. Advertisement Most co...Salt and freshly ground black pepper. PREPARATIONS: Put the minced garlic, white wine vinegar, light soy sauce, 1 tablespoon of water, and salt and pepper to taste in a frying pan. Place the frying pan over medium heat and bring the mixture to a boil. Add the cleaned and cut squid into the boiling mixture. Cook for another 3-4 minutes ...Prepare to dive into the vibrant world of healthy eating with Super Greens Stew, a wholesome and hearty dish that celebrates the goodness of kale, Swiss chard, and chickpeas. This recipe showcases the robust flavors of nutrient-rich greens, combined with the earthy richness of chickpeas and aromatic seasonings.1 teaspoon sugar. PREPARATION: Sprinkle the strips of steak with garlic powder. In a large skillet over medium heat, heat the olive oil and brown the seasoned beef strips. Transfer the browned beef strips to a slow cooker. In a small bowl, mix the cornstarch into the beef broth until dissolved.2 cups (500 mL) beef stock. INSTRUCTIONS: Begin by melting the Western Star Spreadable Original Soft in a saucepan over medium heat. As it gently simmers, add the finely chopped rosemary and fresh thyme leaves. Allow the herbs to infuse the spreadable with their delightful aromas, creating a fragrant base for your gravy.Season the stew with salt and pepper to taste, keeping in mind the natural saltiness of the fish. TIPS: Garnish the stew with fresh cilantro or parsley before serving for a pop of color and added freshness. Serve the brown fish stew with a side of steamed rice or crusty bread to soak up the delicious sauce.Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.stepping into the stew: Add turnips, carrots, and white celery to the fried onions, introducing a medley of colors, flavors, and textures. Pour in water, providing a base for the stew to gently simmer and develop its depth of taste.Jul 15, 2023 · Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Amazon has released its third annual Brand Protection Report which describes how the company protects customers, brands and selling partners from counterfeit products. Amazon has r...For the beef: Toast unpeeled garlic cloves in 8-inch skillet over medium-high heat, tossing frequently, until spotty brown, about 8 minutes; set aside. When cool enough to handle, peel and cut into ¼-inch slivers. Using paring knife, make 1-inch-deep slits all over roast and insert toasted garlic slivers into slits.VARIATIONS. FALL-APART-TENDER BEEF AND MUSHROOM STEW. In large Dutch oven, melt 1 tbsp butter over medium heat; cook 1 pkg (227 g) button or cremini mushrooms, trimmed, stirring occasionally, until tender, golden and no liquid remains, about 7 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer to bowl; set aside.Mar 25, 2023 · PREPARATION: Cut beef into cubes, dredge in flour mixed with a little salt and pepper. Place bacon in skillet and fry a few minutes. Add beef cubes and brown on all sides. Add onions and cook for 2 to 3 minutes. Transfer to crockpot. Stir in beef broth, water, spices, vinegar, brown sugar, and seasonings.Beef, leeks, and mushrooms stew is a hearty and flavorful dish that brings together tender beef, aromatic leeks, and earthy mushrooms in a rich and savory broth. This stew is a wonderful choice for those seeking a comforting and satisfying meal that showcases the delicious combination of meat and vegetables.1 tsp. salt. INSTRUCTIONS: Sprinkle beef with minced garlic. Heat the coconut oil in a skillet and brown the seasoned beef sirloin strips. Transfer the browned beef to a slow cooker. In a bowl, mix tapioca flour with the beef broth until dissolved. Pour the broth mixture into the slow cooker with the beef. Add chopped carrots, onions, chopped ...2 tbsp. coconut oil. 4 pounds beef chuck roast. Rub thyme, salt and ground black pepper. Add 1 bay leaf. INSTRUCTIONS: Put ingredients in the slow cooker. Cover, and cook on low for 7 to 9 hours. The beauty of slow cooker pot roast is the convenience it offers. Once all the ingredients are added to the slow cooker, you can set it and forget it.PREPARATION: In a slow cooker, combine all the ingredients, including the beef round steak, low-sodium beef broth, sliced carrots, frozen peas, frozen corn, frozen lima beans, bay leaf, dill weed, diced tomatoes, potato, chopped onion, basil, and pepper. Cover the slow cooker and cook on high heat for approximately 4 hours or until the ...7:41 am. Introducing the aromatic and hearty Beef Stew Provençal, a comforting dish that captures the essence of Provençal cuisine. This traditional French stew showcases tender beef simmered …Slow and low cooking: Beef Stew Provençal is a dish that benefits from long, slow cooking. This allows the flavors to meld together and the meat to become tender. Simmer the stew over low heat for a few hours or use a slow cooker for even longer cooking times. Adjust the seasoning: Taste the stew throughout the cooking process and adjust …Lime wedges, to serve. INSTRUCTIONS: In a sauté pan, heat the vegetable oil over medium heat. Sauté the diced red onion and finely chopped garlic for approximately 60 seconds, until they become …Oct 25, 2022 · Instructions: Coat the steak with flour, garlic, salt and pepper. Pour olive oil in pan and stir in onions until translucent. Now add steak and fry until browned nicely. At this stage, add water, wine and carrots. Turn flame to low and let simmer for about 2 hours. Preheat oven to 350F. Peel and chop potatoes and add in boiling water.2 tbsp. coconut oil. 4 pounds beef chuck roast. Rub thyme, salt and ground black pepper. Add 1 bay leaf. INSTRUCTIONS: Put ingredients in the slow cooker. Cover, and cook on low for 7 to 9 hours. The beauty of slow cooker pot roast is the convenience it offers. Once all the ingredients are added to the slow cooker, you can set it and forget it.Cooking with Brenda Gantt - Beef Stew — I make a Big Pot !!_PART_01. My Grandma's Recipes · Original audioMar 25, 2023 · In the slow cooker crockery insert, combine the stew beef, onion, garlic, carrots, celery, potatoes, beer, beef broth, salt, pepper, oregano, and tomato paste. Cover and cook on low for 8 to 10 hours. Mix melted butter with flour; add to the stew. Taste and adjust seasonings. Turn the slow cooker to high and cook until thickened, about 15 to 20 ...INSTRUCTIONS: Preheat your air fryer to 360 degrees F (182 degrees C). In a bowl, mix the chopped eggplant with a sprinkle of salt, black pepper, and olive oil. Toss well to coat the eggplant. In another bowl, combine the ground beef, salt, black pepper, mustard, and gluten-free Worcestershire sauce. Stir the mixture until the seasonings are .... Combine the first 10 ingredients in a slow cooker - stew Jun 18, 2023 · Arrange over the stew. Bake at 400°F for 30-35 m 4-5 pounds beef bones and a few veal bones; 1 pound of stew meat (chuck or flank steak), cut into 2-inch chunks; Olive oil or avocado oil; 1-2 medium onions, peeled and quartered; 1-2 large carrots, cut into 1-2 inch segments; 1 celery rib, cut into 1 inch segments; 2-3 cloves of garlic, unpeeled; Handful of parsley, stems, and leaves; 1-2 bay ...Brenda Gantt here! I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook. Stir occasionally and check the liquid level I am a self-taught cook. I started cooking around 18 years old. I stood in the kitchen and watched my mother, who was my biggest inspiration at the time, cook.Slow and low cooking: Beef Stew Provençal is a dish that benefits from long, slow cooking. This allows the flavors to meld together and the meat to become tender. Simmer the stew over low heat for a few hours or use a slow cooker for even longer cooking times. Adjust the seasoning: Taste the stew throughout the cooking process and adjust the ... Broth Base: Instead of water, use beef or vegetable broth to c...

Continue Reading