Ortho novum. July 10, 2017. "I've been using Ortho-Novum 7/7/...

Apr 10, 2022 · The information provided in Undesirable effects of Ort

Oral dosage (triphasic products; e.g., Ortho-Novum 7/7/7, Dasetta 7/7/7, Nortrel 7/7/7, Necon 7/7/7, Pirmella 7/7/7): Adult and Adolescent females: 1 tablet PO once daily in the order indicated in the pack for 21 days, followed by a period of 7 days without drug.Absent, missed, or irregular menstrual cycles. #5. Ortho-Novum 7/7/7. The Brand: Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 is an oral triphasic birth control pill manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Its active ingredients are norethisterone and Ethinyl estradiol. It is used to prevent pregnancy and works by suppressing ovulation.The National Museum of American History’s Division of Medicine and Science’s collection of oral contraceptives illustrates some of the changes that the packaging and marketing of the Pill underwent from its inception in 1960 to the present. The Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of Raritan, New Jersey, produced this Ortho-Novum 1/80 brand ... Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 1 Mg-35 Mcg Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of ... ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35 Tablets: Each peach tablet contains 1 mg of norethindrone and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol. Inactive ingredients include FD&C Yellow No. 6, lactose, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized corn starch. Each green tablet contains only inert ingredients, as listed under green tablets in ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7. MODICON ® Tablets:Mar 5, 2019 · Birth control pills are prescription-based synthetic hormones. Most pills contain a combination of estrogen and progestin. Some also contain 7 days of inactive spacer tablets. Oral contraceptives work by preventing ovulation, fertilization or implantation of an egg. The hormones in the pill also prevent sperm from entering the uterus by ... Jan 13, 2023 · Find everything you need to know about Ortho-Novum 7/7/7, including what it is used for, warnings, reviews, side effects, and interactions. Learn more about Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 at EverydayHealth.com. Ortho-Novum 1/35 EE 35 mcg/ norethindrone 1 mg $14 Ethy eth est 1-35, Kelnor 1/35, Zovia 1/35E Demulen 1/35 (not available) EE 35 mcg / ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg $22 None Ogestrel EE 50 mcg/ norgestrel 0.5 mg $36 Ethynodiol 1-50, Kelnor 1/50 Zovia 1/50E (not available) EE 50 mcg/ ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg $25 drospirenone/EE, Ocella, Syeda, Dec 29, 2022 · When taking ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7, ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35, or MODICON ®, the first "active" tablet should be taken on the first Sunday after menstruation begins. If the period begins on Sunday, the first "active" tablet should be taken that day. Take one active tablet daily for 21 days followed by one green "reminder" tablet daily for 7 days. Oral Contraceptive-Related Uterine Bleeding Management. advertisement. II. Preparations (Norethindrone / Ethinyl Estradiol) Ortho Novum 1/35, Norinyl 1/35, Nortrel 1/35, Necon, Dasetta or Alyacen. Norimin (UK) III. Components. Norethindrone 1.0 mg (see preparations above)Find patient medical information for Ortho-Novum 1/80 (28) oral on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings. The pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (INN, norethisterone) (the components of Ortho Novum 7/7/7; Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc, Raritan, NJ) and pharmacodynamic assessments of oral contraceptive effectiveness (concentrations of serum progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) were determined ...NORTREL (Generic for ORTHO-NOVUM) NORETHINDRONE; ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (nor eth IN drone; ETH in il es tra DYE ole) prevents ovulation and pregnancy. It belongs to a group of medications called oral contraceptives. It is a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin. NORTREL (Generic for ORTHO-NOVUM) Information. Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (21) Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of stroke, heart ... The Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of Raritan, New Jersey, produced this Ortho-Novum 1/80 brand oral contraceptive around 1971. Three monthly cycles of 21 pink pills (63 total) are contained in Ortho’s trademarked DialPak dispenser. The DialPak, introduced in 1963, was the first oral contraceptive package to incorporate a “memory aid ... The Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of Raritan, New Jersey, produced this Ortho-Novum 1/50 brand oral contraceptive around 1974. The monthly dose of 21 yellow hormonal pills and 7 inert pills are contained in Ortho’s trademarked DialPak dispenser. The DialPak, introduced in 1963, was the first oral contraceptive package to incorporate a ...The National Museum of American History’s Division of Medicine and Science’s collection of oral contraceptives illustrates some of the changes that the packaging and marketing of the Pill underwent from its inception in 1960 to the present. The Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of Raritan, New Jersey, produced this Ortho-Novum 1/80 brand ...Ortho-Novum 1/50 (21) Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of stroke, heart ... Other side effects of Ortho-Novum 1/50. All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away: Feeling more or less hungry. Dizziness. Weight gain. Headache.Aug 4, 2022 · Common side effects of Ethinyl estradiol and Norgestimate include: stomach pain, gas, nausea, vomiting. breast tenderness. acne, and darkening of facial skin. headache, nervousness, and mood changes. problems with contact lenses. Weight change. breakthrough bleeding. vaginal itching or discharge; or. What is the generic for Ortho-Novum? Teva’s generic of Ortho-Novum® 1/35 Tablets: Nortrel® 1/35 (norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol tablets, USP) (28 day regimen) When should I start Ortho-Novum? When taking ORTHO-NOVUM® 7/7/7 or ORTHO-NOVUM® 1/35, the first “active” tablet should be taken on the first Sunday after menstruation ...What are the most frequent side effects of Orhto-Novum? What are the less common side effects of Ortho-Novum? edema, changes in vision, gallbladder disease, abdominal cramps, changes in urinary function, dysmenorrhea, breast fullness, fatigue, skin rash, acne, headache, yeast infections, photosensitivity. When is Ortho-Novum contraindicated?In 1963, Ortho introduced the second oral contraceptive available in the United States (Ortho-Novum 10 and Ortho-Novum 2, produced by Syntex). In 1964, Ortho bought rights to and marketed the Gynekoil (Margulies Coil) and Lippes Loop inert plastic IUDs in the United States until the mid-1970s and 1985, respectively.Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 EE 35 mcg/ Norethindrone 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg Extended Cycle Active tablet (Nor 0.5): 7 days Active tablet (Nor 0.75): 7 days Active tablet (Nor 1): 7 days Inactive tablet: 7 days FOUR-PHASIC None Natazia Estradiol valerate 3, 2, 1 mg/ Dienogest 2, 3 mg Extended Cycle Active estrogen only (EV 3 mg): 2 days Nausea, vomiting, headache, bloating, breast tenderness, swelling of the ankles/feet (fluid retention), or weight change may occur. Vaginal bleeding between periods (spotting) or missed/irregular periods may occur, especially during the first few months of use. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.Find medical information for Ortho-Novum 1/35 on epocrates online, including its dosing, contraindications, drug interactions, and pill pictures.The Related Drug Information Index provides comprehensive access to all drug information related to a specific drug Types of content include full prescribing information, drug summaries, Full Prescribing Information Continuing Medication Education (Full PI CME), Medication Guides, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS Summaries), REMS Continuing Medication Education (REMS CME), and ...Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Summary for 2020. Top drug rank. #45 ( 3) Estimated number of prescriptions in the United States (2020) 14,716,809. Estimated number of patients in the United States (2020) 2,955,082. Average total drug cost (USD) Per prescription.ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35 Tablets: Each peach tablet contains 1 mg of norethindrone and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol. Inactive ingredients include FD&C Yellow No. 6, lactose, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized corn starch. Each green tablet contains only inert ingredients, as listed under green tablets in ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7. MODICON ® Tablets:Find patient medical information for Ortho-Novum 10/11 (28) oral on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings. Dec 29, 2022 · When taking ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7, ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35, or MODICON ®, the first "active" tablet should be taken on the first Sunday after menstruation begins. If the period begins on Sunday, the first "active" tablet should be taken that day. Take one active tablet daily for 21 days followed by one green "reminder" tablet daily for 7 days. Ortho Tri-Cyclen includes a blend of female hormones (ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate) that prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary). This drug also causes changes in uterine lining and your cervical mucus, making it more difficult for a fertilized egg and more difficult for sperm to reach the uterus.July 10, 2017. "I've been using Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 for decades. My periods are very light only requiring a panty liner and experience no cramps. I stopped taking birth control for a year after my husband had a vasectomy. I was doubled over at my desk with cramps and my period was very heavy. I started using Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 again and I was back ...In 1963, Ortho introduced the second oral contraceptive available in the United States (Ortho-Novum 10 and Ortho-Novum 2, produced by Syntex). In 1964, Ortho bought rights to and marketed the Gynekoil (Margulies Coil) and Lippes Loop inert plastic IUDs in the United States until the mid-1970s and 1985, respectively.Common side effects of Ethinyl estradiol and Norgestimate include: stomach pain, gas, nausea, vomiting. breast tenderness. acne, and darkening of facial skin. headache, nervousness, and mood changes. problems with contact lenses. Weight change. breakthrough bleeding. vaginal itching or discharge; or.Pill with imprint Ortho 135 Ortho 135 is Peach, Round and has been identified as Ortho-Novum 1/35 ethinyl estradiol 0.035 mg / norethindrone 1 mg. It is supplied by Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ortho-Novum 1/35 is used in the treatment of Birth Control and belongs to the drug classes contraceptives, sex hormone combinations .Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 1 Mg-35 Mcg Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of ...Apr 4, 2023 · Absent, missed, or irregular menstrual cycles. #5. Ortho-Novum 7/7/7. The Brand: Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 is an oral triphasic birth control pill manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Its active ingredients are norethisterone and Ethinyl estradiol. It is used to prevent pregnancy and works by suppressing ovulation. When taking ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7, ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35, or MODICON ®, the first "active" tablet should be taken on the first Sunday after menstruation begins. If the period begins on Sunday, the first "active" tablet should be taken that day. Take one active tablet daily for 21 days followed by one green "reminder" tablet daily for 7 days.Ortho Tri-Cyclen includes a blend of female hormones (ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate) that prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary). This drug also causes changes in uterine lining and your cervical mucus, making it more difficult for a fertilized egg and more difficult for sperm to reach the uterus. ORTHO-NOVUM® 7/7/7 and ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35 Tablets are indicated for the prevention of pregnancy in women who elect to use this product as a method of contraception. Oral contraceptives are highly effective. Table 1 lists the typical accidental pregnancy rates for users of combined oral contraceptives and other methods of contraception.Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (21) Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of stroke, heart ...Find patient medical information for Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (28) oral on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings. Oct 1, 2013 · History of any condition that would contraindicate Ortho-Novum administration (including hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease, venous thromboembolism or family history of thromboembolism, known factor V Leiden mutation or other gene mutations associated with increased risk of thromboembolism, migraine headaches, carcinoma of the breast ... Ways to save on Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 These programs and tips can help make your prescription more affordable. Fill a 90-Day Supply to Save. Ortho-Novum; Apri; Aviane; Yaz; Lo/Ovral; Levlen 21; Emergency contraception pills. Emergency contraception pills, otherwise known as the morning-after pill, are used by women after having unprotected sex, if a condom breaks, or if they have missed their birth control pill.Aug 15, 2022 · Generic Ortho-Novum 1/35. Used for Birth Control. Used for Birth Control. savings_outlined. GoodRx lowest price. $11.45 (save 46.03%) local_offer_outlined. Avg retail ... Common side effects of Ethinyl estradiol and Norgestimate include: stomach pain, gas, nausea, vomiting. breast tenderness. acne, and darkening of facial skin. headache, nervousness, and mood changes. problems with contact lenses. Weight change. breakthrough bleeding. vaginal itching or discharge; or.Birth control pills are prescription-based synthetic hormones. Most pills contain a combination of estrogen and progestin. Some also contain 7 days of inactive spacer tablets. Oral contraceptives work by preventing ovulation, fertilization or implantation of an egg. The hormones in the pill also prevent sperm from entering the uterus by ...The Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of Raritan, New Jersey, produced this Ortho-Novum 1/50 brand oral contraceptive around 1974. The monthly dose of 21 yellow hormonal pills and 7 inert pills are contained in Ortho’s trademarked DialPak dispenser. Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 1 Mg-35 Mcg Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of ...Objectives: The popular herbal remedy St John's wort is an inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes and may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. . Therefore we evaluated the effect of St John's wort on the disposition and efficacy of Ortho-Novum 1/35 (Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc, Raritan, NJ), a popular combination oral contraceptive pill containing ethinyl estradiol (INN ...User Reviews for Ortho-Novum 1/35 for Birth Control. Ortho-Novum 1/35 has an average rating of 5.6 out of 10 from a total of 10 reviews for the treatment of Birth Control. 30% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 40% reported a negative experience.The Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation of Raritan, New Jersey, produced this Ortho-Novum 1/50 brand oral contraceptive around 1974. The monthly dose of 21 yellow hormonal pills and 7 inert pills are contained in Ortho’s trademarked DialPak dispenser. The DialPak, introduced in 1963, was the first oral contraceptive package to incorporate a ...NORTREL (Generic for ORTHO-NOVUM) NORETHINDRONE; ETHINYL ESTRADIOL (nor eth IN drone; ETH in il es tra DYE ole) prevents ovulation and pregnancy. It belongs to a group of medications called oral contraceptives. It is a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin. NORTREL (Generic for ORTHO-NOVUM) Information.Apr 4, 2023 · Absent, missed, or irregular menstrual cycles. #5. Ortho-Novum 7/7/7. The Brand: Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 is an oral triphasic birth control pill manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Its active ingredients are norethisterone and Ethinyl estradiol. It is used to prevent pregnancy and works by suppressing ovulation. Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 works on three different levels. First, it helps prevent ovulation (the release of an egg). Next, it thickens your vaginal fluid so it’s harder for sperm to get to any eggs. Finally, if an egg does get fertilized, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 keeps it from sticking to the wall of the uterus. Nortrel 7/7/7.Ortho-Novum 1/35 User Reviews & Ratings. Ortho-Novum 1/35 has an average rating of 5.6 out of 10 from a total of 11 reviews on Drugs.com. 43% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 29% reported a negative experience. Condition. Avg. Rating.Jun 27, 2022 · Necon 7/7/7 is a combination medication that contains two hormones, norethindrone (a progestin) and ethinyl estradiol (an estrogen). Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol work together to prevent pregnancy by: Preventing your ovaries from releasing eggs. Changing the mucus in your cervix to make it difficult for the sperm to enter the uterus. Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 1 mg-35 mcg tablet. 0115 Medication name. Warning Uses How to use Side effects Precautions Drug interactions Overdose Notes Missed dose Storage Important note. Information last revised August 2022.ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35 Tablets: Each peach tablet contains 1 mg of norethindrone and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol. Inactive ingredients include FD&C Yellow No. 6, lactose, magnesium stearate and pregelatinized corn starch. Each green tablet contains only inert ingredients, as listed under green tablets in ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7. MODICON ® Tablets:Apr 11, 2023 · Ortho-Novum; Apri; Aviane; Yaz; Lo/Ovral; Levlen 21; Emergency contraception pills. Emergency contraception pills, otherwise known as the morning-after pill, are used by women after having unprotected sex, if a condom breaks, or if they have missed their birth control pill. Jan 12, 2022 · DALLAS & FORT WORTH, Texas--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Novum Orthopedic Partners, a national leader in orthopedics and spine practice management, launched a new orthopedic practice management platform in ... Ortho-Novum 1/35 User Reviews & Ratings. Ortho-Novum 1/35 has an average rating of 5.6 out of 10 from a total of 11 reviews on Drugs.com. 43% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 29% reported a negative experience. Condition. Avg. Rating.Pill with imprint Ortho 135 Ortho 135 is Peach, Round and has been identified as Ortho-Novum 1/35 ethinyl estradiol 0.035 mg / norethindrone 1 mg. It is supplied by Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ortho-Novum 1/35 is used in the treatment of Birth Control and belongs to the drug classes contraceptives, sex hormone combinations . Aug 22, 2023 · Individuals may also experience side effects from Ortho Novum as a result of an interaction with other medications. Side Effects of Ortho Novum. The side effects of Ortho Novum may vary in number and intensity for many different reasons. Factors such as age, weight, gender and ethnicity may influence the side effects of Ortho Novum. ORTHO-NOVUM Oral Contraceptive, 1963. The Food and Drug Administration approved Johnson & Johnson's first contraceptive pill, ORTHO-NOVUM. The daily tablet provided an effective and safe family planning option for women. ORTHO-NOVUM contained a relatively low dose of synthetic hormones and was a third of the price of earlier birth control pills ... Aug 15, 2022 · Generic Ortho-Novum 1/35. Used for Birth Control. Used for Birth Control. savings_outlined. GoodRx lowest price. $11.45 (save 46.03%) local_offer_outlined. Avg retail ... Jul 27, 2023 · Nausea, vomiting, headache, bloating, breast tenderness, swelling of the ankles/feet (fluid retention), or weight change may occur. Vaginal bleeding between periods (spotting) or missed/irregular periods may occur, especially during the first few months of use. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Ortho-Novum 10/11 is a daily birth control pill with a 28-day cycle. The first 21 days include active medication, while the remaining seven have inactive compounds. You still take pills for the full 28-day cycle to reinforce the habit and minimize the risk of getting pregnant.Ortho-Novum 1/35 EE 35 mcg/ norethindrone 1 mg $14 Ethy eth est 1-35, Kelnor 1/35, Zovia 1/35E Demulen 1/35 (not available) EE 35 mcg / ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg $22 None Ogestrel EE 50 mcg/ norgestrel 0.5 mg $36 Ethynodiol 1-50, Kelnor 1/50 Zovia 1/50E (not available) EE 50 mcg/ ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg $25 drospirenone/EE, Ocella, Syeda, Ways to save on Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 These programs and tips can help make your prescription more affordable. Fill a 90-Day Supply to Save. Jun 27, 2022 · Necon 7/7/7 is a combination medication that contains two hormones, norethindrone (a progestin) and ethinyl estradiol (an estrogen). Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol work together to prevent pregnancy by: Preventing your ovaries from releasing eggs. Changing the mucus in your cervix to make it difficult for the sperm to enter the uterus. The dosage of ORTHO-NOVUM ® 7/7/7, ORTHO-NOVUM ® 1/35, and MODICON ®, for the initial cycle of therapy, is one "active" tablet administered daily from the 1st through the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, counting the first day of menstrual flow as "Day 1" followed by one green "reminder" tablet daily for 7 days. Tablets are taken without ...Ortho-Novum Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of stroke, heart attack ...Dec 21, 2022 · Other side effects of Ortho-Novum 10/11. Some side effects of ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side ... Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Summary for 2020. Top drug rank. #45 ( 3) Estimated number of prescriptions in the United States (2020) 14,716,809. Estimated number of patients in the United States (2020) 2,955,082. Average total drug cost (USD) Per prescription.Find everything you need to know about Ortho-Novum 7/7/7, including what it is used for, warnings, reviews, side effects, and interactions. Learn more about Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 at EverydayHealth.com.Ortho-Novum 1/35 (Oral) received an overall rating of 9 out of 10 stars from 6 reviews. See what others have said about Ortho-Novum 1/35 (Oral), including the effectiveness, ease of use and side effects.History of any condition that would contraindicate Ortho-Novum administration (including hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease, venous thromboembolism or family history of thromboembolism, known factor V Leiden mutation or other gene mutations associated with increased risk of thromboembolism, migraine headaches, carcinoma of the breast ...Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 1 Mg-35 Mcg Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Do not use this medication if you smoke cigarettes/use tobacco and are over 35 years old. Smoking raises your risk of ... . The most common side effects of the birth control pills include; naThe most common side effects of the birth control pills includ V. Progestins with least Androgenic Activity. Pregnane Progestin (0) Norethynodrel (0) Ethynodiol Diacetate (0.6) Norethindrone (1.0): Lower limit reference. VI. Oral Contraceptive Androgenic Activity (low to high) Andogen activity based on Methytestosterone mg/28 days. Ortho Tri-Cyclen ( Norgestimate ): 0.15. Ortho-Novum 1/50 (28) Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and Mo Objectives: The popular herbal remedy St John's wort is an inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes and may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. . Therefore we evaluated the effect of St John's wort on the disposition and efficacy of Ortho-Novum 1/35 (Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc, Raritan, NJ), a popular combination oral contraceptive pill containing ethinyl estradiol (INN ... The information provided in Undesirable effects of...

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